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Science Says Walking Your Dog Is Good for Your Health

91% of pet owners consider their furry companion as a member of the family. However, did you know only half of owners walk their dog at least once a day? In fact, 50% of fur-baby moms and dads admit to rarely walking their dogs, not knowing it’s a two-way street.

People who live with at least one pet tend to have lower blood pressure. They also have a decreased risk of heart disease than those who don’t have pet animals. This health boost is due to the extra exercise that playing and walking a dog requires, along with the stress relief of having a dependable best friend on hand.

Here are three additional reasons you and your dog should enjoy daily walks:

Feel Less Lonely and Stressed

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Quality walks with your four-legged friend can reduce feelings of loneliness and stress. Contact with pets (of with humans for dogs) seem to counteract stress responses by lowering stress hormones and heart rates. This contact also lowers anxiety and fear levels, as well as elevate feelings of calmness. Studies even show that dogs are crucial for helping seniors cope with stress and loneliness, as well as help calm pre-examination stress for students.

Improve Your Physical and Mental Health

Both humans and dogs have plenty of health issues that can be prevented or managed through routine exercise and a wholesome diet. Walking three times a week (at the very least) can improve your sense of well-being, lower your blood pressure, increase energy levels, and reduce your weight by 5% and your dog’s by 15%.

Exercise will also make your pup happy, which is evident in how much his or her tail wags whenever they see you holding their leash. Plus, since you are partly taking your dog out to relieve themselves, you will also see an improvement in their behaviors inside the house. Your dog also needs to ward off boredom, especially since he or she may be cooped inside the house all day. Just like you, dogs can suffer from obesity and poor health without proper exercise. Thus, heading out on a relaxing, long walk can help keep the extra pounds away.

Strengthen Your Bond

Last but definitely not the least, daily walks provide quality time for you and your best friend. One-on-one time is extremely important to your dog’s behavioral development. It will also build a stable foundation for a trusting and loving relationship.

Though the studies are not as extensive, the benefits of walking your dog are impressive enough that many clinical establishments are opening their doors to animal-assisted interventions. Otherwise known as pet therapy, this protocol is often used alongside conventional medicine to treat various ailments.

If you are new to long walks, start slow with 15-minutes, then gradually work your way up to 30-60 minute daily walks. Just remember to keep your dog leashed; to keep him or her on the safe side of the road; and to always have paper bags and newspapers on-hand for potty breaks. Ready? Let’s go!

Workplace Bullying

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There are many forms of bullying in the workplace, whether it happens to be a co-worker who “forgets” to share important information, a clique that spreads gossip or even a boss who humiliates subordinates. These are all definitions of a hostile work environment that no one should have to be subjected to. Intimidation, threats and sabotage are also more examples of bullying. The worst type of bullying is harassment that has a lasting and profound effect on the target, according to Gary Namie, PhD, co-founder of the Workplace Bullying Institute and co-author of The Bully-Free Workplace. All of these are just plain cruel to the bullied employee.

These instances might come in different forms. If you have a workplace bully, they might focus on a specific target or a group of workers might single out a co-worker. The more technology available today means that office cyber bullying is on the rise even though it is more often done face-to-face. This behavior has different reasons for their behavior that might include trying to get ahead at work by sabotaging colleagues in an attempt to control them. The workplace suffers from productivity, absenteeism and a high turnover of employees.

Those who are bullied end up with stress that can leave them unable to concentrate on their work and will put their jobs at risk. When an employee suffers psychological distress it is linked to depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They might also have sleep disturbances and in some cases, even thoughts of suicide. Not only does bullying create a hostile work environment, it’s a serious public health issue.

To deal with the workplace bullying the company policies and training of staff about behaviors that constitute bullying (including sexual harassment) need to be created and implemented. These are suggestions submitted by a 2016 literature review published in the Journal of Psychology Research and Behavior Management. Even counseling or group therapy should be offered at the workplace. These victims need to know that they are not alone, did not cause this and help is always available to them.

Some of the statistical numbers of are:

56% of bullies are in positions of authority; just 18% of people who are bullied are bullied by peers.
37 million Americans have been targets of abusive conduct at work. More than 15 million have witnessed workplace bullying.
60% of workplace bullies are men; 60% of targets of workplace bullying are women.
11% of bullies were punished but kept their jobs; 15% quit or were terminated, per a 2014 study.

If this type of thing is going on in adult populated environments, what does this say for what the children of these people are probably learning at home? This could be a behavioral problem in my personal opinion that could also affect their own children and their attitudes towards others. I have seen instances of school children being bullied and I have to wonder where the bullies learned this. At home, naturally!

Dr Fredda Branyon

The High-Protein and Gluten-Free Amaranth Grain

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Amaranth is the general name for more than 60 different species of Amaranthus. Cultivated as a grain for 8,000 years, amaranth is classified as a pseudocereal grown for its edible starchy seeds. However, it is not in the same grain family as wheat and rice.

Top Benefits of Amaranth

Here are five reasons to eat this beneficial grain:

1. A Rich Source of Protein

Amaranth is exceptionally high in protein, providing nine grams per cup of cooked grain. Every single cell in the body needs protein. It is critical for building and strengthening muscle mass, supporting neurological function, aiding digestion, balancing hormones, and keeping a positive mood.

2. Gluten-Free

Since amaranth is gluten-free, it is an excellent alternative to people with wheat allergies or intolerances. Gluten sensitivity occurs when the body reacts to the protein found in the wheat plant (gluten). The more severe form of gluten intolerance is celiac disease, which leads to difficulty in digesting food. Gluten can also provoke other less severe symptoms, including bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headaches, fatigue, skin problems, joint aches, leg or arm numbness, and even poor memory.

3. Reduces Inflammation

This pseudocereal can reduce inflammation, which is associated with nearly all health conditions. When the body experiences a buildup of dietary and environmental toxins, the immune system becomes overactive and activates defense cells and hormones that damage tissues.

4. Aids the Digestive System

Amaranth’s high fiber content helps in stimulating the digestive system to regulate the discharge of bodily waste. Due to fiber’s structure and the body’s incapacity to absorb it, fiber can pass through the digestive system without being absorbed by the stomach’s digestive enzymes. As a result, fiber carries waste, toxins, fat, and cholesterol particles out of the gut.

5. Lowers Cholesterol

A study published in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research examined the impact of amaranth on the cholesterol levels of animals models. Results showed that consuming amaranth decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol) by 21 to 50%.

Where to Find Amaranth Grain

Amaranth is available for purchase in many health food stores. Since it is gaining popularity, it is sometimes available in major supermarkets, too.

How to Use Amaranth Grain

Amaranth grain has a toasted, nutty flavor that works well with many dishes. Here are a few ways to incorporate amaranth into everyday meals:

Serve amaranth instead of white rice and pasta.
Combine amaranth with fruit and nuts instead of using oats.
Use amaranth as flour to make gluten-free bread or pastries.
Blend amaranth with fruit and veggie smoothies to add a nutty flavor.
Add amaranth to soups or chilis to create a thicker texture.
Make “rice cakes” by combining amaranth and honey.

When cooking amaranth grain, remember to use the ratio of 1/2 cup amaranth to 1 1/2 cups water. Heat the mixture in a saucepan until it boils. Then, reduce the heat and allow to simmer uncovered until the water is absorbed. This usually takes approximately 20 minutes. It is also more convenient to use a rice cooker instead.

Vitamin K2 Benefits

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So, what are the benefits of Vitamin K2? There’s been a lot of discussion about the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals, but lately researchers are starting to recognize the one often-misunderstood vitamin that goes unnoticed.

A huge number of the population is deficient in vitamin K, principally vitamin K1 and K2. Cees Vermeer, Ph.D. is a world’s leading authority on vitamin K2 from the Netherlands. He says that inadequacy in this vitamin is the rule rather than the exception, especially one form that is called menaquinon-7.

There are several forms of vitamin K and the best foods to eat for vitamin K1, all of them cooked, are: kale, spinach, collard greens, beet greens, mustard greens and turnip greens. These vitamin K1 foods are involved in blood coagulation that helps to stop bleeding. When consuming this vitamin your intestines parcel it out in portions known as chylomicrons, and disperse it through your lymphatic system into your blood.

Vitamin K2 has two basic and crucial functions dealing with cardiovascular health and bone restoration. Several other valuable things are helping to prevent osteoporosis and hardening of the arteries, directing calcium to places like your bones, optimizing sexual function, creating insulin to stabilize your blood sugar, suppressing genes that can promote cancer and enhancing your ability to utilize energy as you exercise improving overall performance.

Vitamin K2 refers to a collection of MK that are found in a variety of foods. MK-4 regulates gene expression. It is important as all animals and humans are able to synthesize it from other forms of vitamin K. You can obtain MK-4 from animal foods, but because the conversion process is inefficient and likely varies, depending on your health status and genetic factors. Also, certain drugs as statins that lower your cholesterol and some osteoporosis drugs, inhibit the vitamin K conversion to MK-4.

Not receiving enough K2 might cause problems with heart disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. These are all signs of the K2 deficiency. Poor diet might also affect your vitamin K status. Increase your intake of green leafy vegetables for K1 and grass-fed raw dairy products and fermented foods for K2. A general recommended guideline is around 150 mcg of vitamin K2 per day. Some others might recommend a slightly higher amount that is upwards of 180 to 200 mcg. By eating 15 grams (1/2 ounce) of natto or fermented vegetables each day you can obtain healthy amounts of K2. If you choose to opt for a vitamin K2 supplement, make sure that it’s MK-7. Also remember to take it with fat because it’s fat-soluble and won’t be absorbed otherwise. Don’t worry about overdosing on K2 as it appears to be virtually non-toxic, however, those who are taking vitamin K antagonists (drugs that reduce blood clotting by reducing the action of vitamin K) are advised to avoid MK-7 supplements.

Dr Fredda Branyon

Top 5 Causes of Death

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Robert Preidt wrote an article revealing the top 5 causes of death. HealthDay News has reported that heart disease tops the list of what is most likely to kill you or someone you love. Data was released from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention naming the five leading causes of death among Americans under the age of 80 for 2014. Cancer was the most likely cause of death following heart disease. Others on the list were stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis and emphysema, and accidents.

These five diseases or conditions account for nearly 2/3rds of the deaths in the U.S. The sad fact is that many of these deaths were preventable. Thirty percent of heart disease deaths, 15 percent of cancer deaths, 29 percent of stroke deaths, 36 percent of chronic lower respiratory disease deaths and 43 percent of accident deaths were preventable, according to the CDC researchers.

There is some good news, though. There were declines in three of those five leading causes of preventable deaths between 2010 and 2014. The declines included a 25% drop in cancer deaths, 12% decrease in the age-adjusted death rate from lung cancer, an 11% decrease in stroke related deaths and a 4% decline in preventable heart disease deaths.

Preventable deaths from unintentional injuries did rise by 23% during this time period and chronic lower respiratory disease rose 1%. The CDC Director Dr. Tom Frieden said in an agency news release that fewer Americans are dying young from preventable causes of death.

One of the tragic deaths is from overdose and is increasing because of the opioid epidemic. There are still large differences between states in all preventable causes of death that indicates many more lives can be saved through the use of prevention and treatment that is available today. It is suggested that health care providers help prevent premature deaths by providing patients with counseling on quitting smoking, protecting against heart disease and stroke, and avoiding accidental injuries.

Dr Fredda Branyon

The Risk for Multiple Myeloma

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It’s a mystery what actually causes multiple myeloma. This is a type of blood cancer and certain things can raise your chances of getting it. Specifically your age, race and whether you have a family member with the disease, all play a role. Having only one of these risks does not mean you will get sick as you can come down with the condition without even one of them.

If you are at an older age, your risk is higher for multiple myeloma. Nearly everyone who gets this particular cancer is over 45 years old and 2/3rd are over 65. No one knows why exactly but the risk for most type of cancer gets higher as you age and might be because of the changes in your genes during your life.

African-American’s have twice the risk of getting multiple myeloma than whites do. Again, the researchers aren’t sure why this is. One possibility is that African-Americans have a higher chance of getting a blood disorder called MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance). Having this condition will put you at risk for multiple myeloma and this group of people may also be more likely than whites to get multiple myeloma if they already have MGUS. The odds for the African-American is higher of having a protein in your body called pP-7, which is also linked with multiple myeloma risks.

Women are not as likely to get multiple myeloma as men, but it isn’t by much.

You have a higher risk for multiple myeloma if you already have certain other blood disorders. MGUS is the main one, and not everyone who has MGUS gets multiple myeloma. Everyone with multiple myeloma has MGUS before they develop cancer.

Genetic changes are linked with multiple myeloma, family history and obesity. These genes are tiny strands in your body made up of DNA. It’s unknown why obesity affects how certain hormones behave and also with insulin resistance, which is when your body can’t process sugar properly.

Working in certain industries such as oil and agriculture will give you a higher risk of multiple myeloma. Most likely because you are more likely to come into contact with certain hazardous chemicals. Studies show that benzene, found in gasoline, may be one of them. It was also found that while engine exhaust was connected with multiple myeloma, a chemical other than benzene was probably to blame.

Pesticides and fertilizers may also raise your risk. Vietnam War veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange, the herbicide used to destroy plants in jungles, had a higher risk of MGUS. This agent contains a chemical called TCDD, which has been linked to various cancers.

Dr Fredda Branyon

Standing for Our Health

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The average U.S. adult spends up to 10 hours a day sitting. This is a habit viewed as a normal integral part of daily life with working at a desk job or commuting long hours. We aren’t doing our bodies any favors by sitting so much as it contributes to rising rates of overweight and obesity, chronic disease and even sometimes premature death.

Kelly Starrett holds a Ph.D. in physical therapy and is the author of “Deskbound: Standing Up to a Sitting World.” He is a leader in the CrossFit movement and stresses the importance of having proper body mechanics both in and outside the gym. He addresses biomechanical inadequacies that might increase your risk of injury. Kelly and Juliet are a husband-and-wife team and experts on movement and how it can make or break your health. Their venture, StandUpKids.org is the product of their own role as parents to improve the health of kids across the U.S. This venture began when they volunteered at their daughters’ school and were disturbed to see the kids were having a hard time with the sack race at field day.

They believe that sitting too much at a desk all day leads to decreased functionality and affects a child’s cognition. The children attempting the sack race had decreased functionality as a result of this excessive sitting. Since the beginning of their non-profit organization, they have given about 35,000 U.S. school kids access to standing desks in the classroom. This change is not only physical in nature but is linked to better learning in the classroom and improved productivity at work. The muscle activity acts as a stimulus to keep the brain alert.

It’s all about moving more and listening to what your body is saying. Giving up that chair seems overwhelming to think about, but it’s not an all-or-nothing proposition. Think of other ways to move more and include sitting on the floor can have moving advantages over sitting in a more confined chair. Standing up does take you out of sedentary mode and you will likely stretch, lean, bend and pace. All movement counts toward your daily activity.

After sitting for six, eight or 10 hours a day it may take some time to adjust to standing and moving more and won’t happen over night. The average student in the U.S. spends 4.5 hours a day sitting at school and an additional 7 hours sitting in front of a screen. Therefore, 85% of their waking hours is spent sitting.

Standup Kids has partnered with a number of corporations, giving children the much-needed opportunity to move more in school by installing standing desks, complete with fidget bars. The University of California Berkeley and the local county public health department have partnered to try to get more research done. There has been concern about “forcing” kids to stand all day, but this isn’t about standing still for long hours. They do have access to stools, should they want to use them, but the teachers are saying they rarely do.

Interventions can help you avoid chronic diseases and orthopedic problems as neck problems, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, carpal tunnel syndrome, knee problems, lower extremity problems, shoulder dysfunction, poor diaphragm function, low back pain, hernias, pelvic floor dysfunction and hip dysfunction. Do any of these symptoms sound familiar to you? They do to me! With age comes most of the above.

Standing is not only good for children as a prevention method against poor health, but as adults we could learn a lot about standing to help our own bodies as well. Many suffer from sitting-induced range-of-motion problems and might increase the risk of injury and compromise long-term athletic and movement abilities.

Dr Fredda Branyon

Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials

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By involving yourself in a clinical trial, it could mean a really big change in the type of care you are now getting for your prostate cancer. Cutting-edge treatment is involved and few people have had it before, but make sure you learn how it works and what it will be like for you.

A clinical trial is a study that gives the researchers a chance to show that a treatment works and is safe. The procedure nor medical device will not be approved by the FDA until the clinical trial is completed. FDA already approves some of these procedures and test drugs for other conditions, but the researchers want to see if they might work for prostate cancer as well. Another reason for the clinical trials is to see if there is a benefit to taking two treatments together that are usually done alone.

Some trials provide the patient with typical medication used to treat cancer and a placebo, or the experimental drug. Other patients may get the typical medication used or the experimental drug. A patient can also get a placebo or the experimental therapy in some of the trials.

When you accept a clinical trial you are assigned at random an experimental or a control group. Regular care and the treatment being tested are in the experimental group. The control group gives you regular care and a placebo or “dummy pill.”

In cross-over studies the researchers give regular care and the experimental treatment to one group and the other group their regular care and the placebo. The groups then switch, but everyone eventually gets the experimental treatment.

In the double-blinded studies you’ll get assigned to either of the groups, but while the trial is going on, neither you nor the doctor will know which group is getting the experimental treatment or the placebo.

Care during a clinical trial is closely checked by the doctors, because they need to see how the treatment is working. They need to be sure they aren’t missing any important signals for good or bad. You will receive a lot of attention and care that might mean many trips to the research center.

Sponsors usually pay for the trial experimental drugs and everything else related to it, such as tests and lab work. Bills for any regular treatment are sent on to your insurance company and the insurance company cannot drop you for enrolling in an approved study.

Things to know before beginning a trial are what the experimental treatment is, the known and possible risks, if you might be getting a placebo, any treatments you might consider instead of experimental treatment, everything you need to do during the study and any money you will have to pay. Get the answer to these questions before you agree to take part in the trial.

Usually your doctor will know and suggest a specific clinical trial as one of your treatment options. If not, you might check these groups to find out about where to join a trial:

National Cancer Institute
The U.S. National Institutes of Health
World Health Organization
Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium
Online clinical trial listing services, such as eCancerTrials, CenterWatch and ClinicalTrialsSearch.

There is an online checklist of the information you need to search for a trial at the National Cancer Institute site. Once you have found a trial that you or your doctor thinks might be right for you, either one of you can contact the research team so that you can apply. But before subjecting yourself to the unknown, wouldn’t it make more sense to give nature a try and treat yourself with holistic, alternative care? No unknowns and only proven all natural methods of care.

Dr Fredda Branyon

Delicious and Nutritious Eats: Exotic Fruits from Asia

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Apples, bananas, blueberries, and pineapples are among the many staple fruits we grew up eating. But it might be time to expand our culinary boundaries and try some of these exotic fruits from Asia, especially since they are chock-full of nutrition.

Durian

Deemed as the “king of fruits,” the durian hails from Southeast Asian nations, but is native to Brunei Indonesia, Malaysia, and possibly the Philippines, though disputes continue regarding the matter. Durian is a large fruit, usually up to a foot long and 6 inches wide, with a thick exterior covered in spikes, and a range of pale yellow to red flesh.

This exotic and controversial fruit has an unusual combination of sweet, savory, and creamy flavors all at once. It is widely celebrated for its extensive list of health benefits, including the ability to boost your immune system, reduce signs of anemia, remedy insomnia, stop premature aging, strengthen bones, improve digestion, lower blood pressure, protect against cardiovascular diseases, and prevent cancer.

Durian can also help manage diabetes, reduce inflammation of the joints, promote thyroid health, cure headaches, and lessen symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety.

Rambutan

The rambutan fruit, also called Nephelium lappaceum, is an exotic fruit native to Southeast Asia. The fruit bears similarities to lychees with its thin, leather-like skin and multiple structures sticking out, almost like a sea urchin.

The rambutan is often referred to as a “super fruit” because of its tremendous health benefits. The fruit is rich in antioxidants that combat free radicals responsible for many diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and heart disease.

Jackfruit

This native plant in India is a nutrition powerhouse. Jackfruit is loaded with antioxidants, B-vitamins, vitamin C, and magnesium. It also has a high percentage of carotenoids because of the vibrant yellow color of its pods. Further, jackfruit is a great source of flavonoids which, along with carotenoids, protect the body from cardiovascular disease, chronic degenerative diseases, and even cancer.

More recently, jackfruit has become a favorite ingredient in many vegan dishes. It unripe pods are an excellent substitute for meat in terms of texture.

Goji Berries

The Goji berry, otherwise known as the wolfberry, is a bright orange-red berry indigenous to China. This medicinal plant is thought to treat ailments in the eye, liver, and kidneys. This festive-looking berry has a sweet, tangy taste and is often dried like raisins. Goji berries are an excellent source of vitamin C, vitamin A, fiber, iron, zinc, and antioxidants. These berries also comprise all eight essential amino acids.

Mangosteen

Mangosteen, formerly belonging to the Sunda Islands in Indonesia, is referred to as the “queen of the tropical fruit” for its impressive health qualities.

Mangosteen gained widespread popularity after scientists discovered its anti-cancer properties. This lesser-known fruit can even boost the immune system, maintain healthy blood pressure, repair damaged cells, preserve oral health, support cardiovascular health, prevent acne, and promote weight loss. Moreover, mangosteen is an exceptional source of vitamin C, which alleviates inflammation and kills infectious bacteria.

Langsat

Lansium parasiticum, also acknowledged as langsat or lanzones, is a tree species in the Mahogany family. The plant, bearing small edible fruits, originates from western Peninsular Malaysia. This white-fleshed fruit has a similar outer appearance to baby potatoes, but is twice as nutritious. Langsat contains many essential elements like vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and dietary fiber in abundance. It is also a source of vitamin A, Thiamine, and riboflavin, which are vital for maintaining healthy eyes, skin, teeth, and body tissues.

Poor Carb Diets & Cancer Risk

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An article by EJ Mundell reported that even those people who’ve never smoked could get lung cancer. A new study suggests their risk for the disease may rise if they eat a diet rich in certain carbohydrates. These are high glycemic index diets that trigger higher levels of insulin in the blood and tend to be heavy in refined poor quality carbs, according to one expert.

Dr. Rishi Jain, a medical oncologist at Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, says that the glycemic load and index are methods to estimate the quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrates. A couple of examples of these high glycemic index foods would be white bread and white potatoes.

As the rates of obesity and heart risk factors rise in the U.S., so does the number of Americans with insulin resistance, which is a precursor to diabetes. Insulin-linked disorders are often tied to high-glycemic diets and have been implicated as potential contributors to a variety of chronic conditions that include certain cancers. Dr. Xifeng Wu, chair of cancer prevention at the university of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, conducted a new study to help answer the question “if lung cancer could be one of those malignancies.”

Dr. Xifeng Wu and her team looked at the health and dietary histories of more than 1,900 people with lung cancer and more than 2,400 people without the disease. The intake of foods with a high glycemic index, such as the white bread and potatoes, were specifically looked at by the investigators. Those people who registered in the top 5th in terms of a high-glycemic diet had a 49% greater risk of developing lung cancer versus those in the bottom 5th. The trend was stronger when the study focused on people who had never smoked. Those who scored highest in terms of a high-glycemic diet had more than double the odds of lung cancer compared to never-smokers who had the lowest glycemic index scores. The findings of this study was reported in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.

Focusing on never-smokers is important as it eliminates smoking as a confounding risk factor showing the potential role of diet in lung cancer risk. Smoking is a major factor for lung cancer but does not account for all the variations in lung cancer risk.

Stephanie Melkonian, a study co-author says that high-glycemic diets are linked to insulin resistance, which may encourage the activity of certain cellular growth factor chemicals that are known to play a role in cancer. Their study can’t prove the cause-and-effect and also fails to take into account the potential role of other illnesses, such as diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease. The downstream effect of a high-glycemic diet on cellular growth factors explaining the link to lung cancer risk was agreed on by Jain. He further stated that this association was more pronounced in nonsmokers, suggesting that increased intake of poorer quality carbs might be more detrimental in this group.

The study contributes to the growing evidence that poor dietary habits and obesity do play a critical role in cancer development.

Dr Fredda Branyon